Computer Fundamentals Components

This is my lecture note about Basic Computer and How Computer works

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Computer science
Computer science is the study of processes that interact with data and that can be
represented as data in the form of programs. It enables the use of algorithms to
manipulate, store, and communicate digital information .
Generally speaking , computer science is the study of computers and computing,
including their theoretical and algorithmic foundations, hardware and software, and
their uses for processing information
Closely related to this field is the design and analysis of systems that interact directly
with users who are carrying out various computational tasks. These systems came
into wide use during the 1980s and ’90s, when line-edited interactions with users
were replaced by graphical user interfaces (GUIs). GUI design, which was
pioneered by Xerox and was later picked up by Apple (Macintosh) and finally
by Microsoft (Windows), is important because it constitutes what people see and do
when they interact with a computing device. The design of appropriate user
interfaces for all types of users has evolved into the computer science field known
as human-computer interaction (HCI).
The field of computer architecture and organization has also evolved dramatically
since the first stored-program computers were developed in the 1950s. So called
time-sharing systems emerged in the 1960s to allow several users to run programs
at the same time from different terminals that were hard-wired to the computer. The
1970s saw the development of the first wide-area computer networks (WANs)
and protocols for transferring information at high speeds between computers
separated by large distances. As these activities evolved, they coalesced into the
computer science field called networking and communications. A major
accomplishment of this field was the development of the Internet.
The idea that instructions, as well as data, could be stored in a computer’s memory
was critical to fundamental discoveries about the theoretical behaviour of algorithms.
That is, questions such as, “What can/cannot be computed?” have been formally
addressed using these abstract ideas. These discoveries were the origin of the
computer science field known as algorithms and complexity. A key part of this field is
the study and application of data structures that are appropriate to different
applications. Data structures, along with the development of optimal algorithms for
inserting, deleting, and locating data in such structures, are a major concern of
computer scientists because they are so heavily used in computer software, most
notably in compilers, operating systems, file systems, and search engines.
In the 1960s the invention of magnetic disk storage provided rapid access to data
located at an arbitrary place on the disk. This invention led not only to more cleverly
designed file systems but also to the development of database and information
retrieval systems, which later became essential for storing, retrieving, and