lOMoAR cPSD| 4349629 <br/> <br/>International Aviation SUMMARY <br/>Notes AIRLAW <br/> <br/>lOMoAR cPSD| 4349629 <br/>International Aviation <br/><b>Lecture 1: </b><br/>▪ Aviation pioneers came to understand that there were four forces that needed to be <br/>managed if an aircraft was to fly safely <br/>▪ The first controlled, powered and sustained heavier than air flight was conducted by <br/>the Wright Brothers at Kittyhawk, North Carolina, USA on 17 December 1903 <br/>o <br/>The Wright Brothers understood that lift and thrust had to be in balance and <br/>that there was a need for the design to incorporate control surfaces for it to get <br/>airborne and then to sustain flight <br/>o <br/>They perfected the three axis control system using gliders and then applied <br/>this to powered flight. The three axis to be controlled were roll, pitch and yaw <br/>▪ While aviation had proven its potential, the post-World War I Governments held <br/>major concerns about this new form of transport compromising national sovereignty. <br/>o <br/>They met in Paris in April 1919 to provide internationally agreed regulatory <br/>safeguards <br/>▪ This resulted in the Convention relating to the Regulation of Aerial Navigation (‘The <br/>Paris Convention, 1919’) being signed on 13 October 1919. <br/>o The Convention, addressing the concerns of States, included the provision <br/>that ‘each State had complete and exclusive sovereignty over the airspace <br/>above its territory.' <br/>o This was meant to ensure other States could not use another State’s airspace <br/>for hostile, commercial or other purposes without permission <br/> <br/>lOMoAR cPSD| 4349629 <br/>o The Convention Preamble spoke about ‘the need to encourage the peaceful <br/>intercourse of nations by means of aerial communications’ and ‘to prevent <br/>controversy’ which reflected the determination of signatories to agree upon <br/>consistent international legal requirements for the conduct of civil aviation. <br/>▪ <br/>The provisions included: <br/>o The authority of the aircraft Captain to act in accordance with the law of the <br/>state of registration <br/>o Standards of airworthiness <br/>o Certificates of competency for crew members <br/>o Rules for international over-flight, departure and landing <br/>o Prohibition of the carriage of dangerous goods <br/>o Established the International Commission for Air Navigation (ICAN) <br/>▪ On 13 April 1935 Qantas started flying passengers from Brisbane to Singapore in a <br/>De Havilland 86 to connect with London-bound Imperial Airways flights <br/>o A single fare was £195 which was one and a half years of average earnings. <br/>o Flights were weekly and the journey time was 121⁄2 days <br/>o Sydney to London flights (using BOAC or Indian Airlines for onward travel <br/>from Asia) with Qantas not flying all the way, until December 1947 using <br/>Lockheed Constellations. <br/>▪ <br/>The largest technology leap was the invention of the jet engine. <br/>o In modern times, the inventor of the jet engine was Sir Frank Whittle, an <br/>Englishman, who had a working model in April 1937. <br/>▪ Although the technology was tested as early as 1931, the first commercial aircraft in <br/>wide use to have cabin pressurization was the Lockheed Constellation which entered <br/>commercial service in 1945. <br/>▪ The Boeing 747, or ‘Jumbo Jet’ was the first wide-body aircraft built with its first <br/>commercial flight occurring in 1970 <br/>o It had two and a half times the capacity of the B707 and more than double <br/>the range. <br/>o It held the passenger capacity record for 37 years. <br/>o 400 aircraft were planned to be constructed but with newer variants more <br/>than 1,500 have been built. <br/>lOMoAR cPSD| 4349629 <br/>o It is now close to the end of production as airlines look to more fuel efficient <br/>two engine wide bodied aircraft. <br/>▪ <br/>The Concorde, the first jet- powered supersonic passenger jet airliner. <br/>o It had a maximum speed over twice the speed of sound at Mach 2.04 (1,354 <br/>mph or 2,180 km/h at cruise altitude), with seating for 92 to 128 passengers. <br/>o First flown in 1969, it entered service in 1976 and continued flying until 2003 <br/>when it was withdrawn as a result of a fatal accident in 2000. <br/>▪ A record 3.8 billion passengers flew on aircraft in 2016 – some 250 million more than <br/>in 2015. <br/>▪ <br/>The growth in 2016 was 6.3% - higher than the 10 year rolling average of 5.5%. <br/>▪ This means that in 2017 passengers numbering more than half of the world’s <br/>population of 7.5 billion people will fly on aircraft. <br/>▪ <br/>The growth is driven by: <br/>o rising GDP, more disposable income, and higher living standards, <br/>o reduced cost of air travel, <br/>o improved airline services and globalization, and <br/>o deregulation and liberalization. <br/>▪ The International Air Transport Association (IATA) tells us in its 2017 Annual Review <br/>that in 2016 the airline industry safely transported some 3.8 billion passengers and <br/>some 54.9 million tonnes of cargo. <br/>▪ This was accomplished with a workforce of nearly 10 million people managing a fleet <br/>of more than 26,000 aircraft averaging more than 100,000 flights a day over a global <br/>network of 51,000 routes. <br/>▪ The 2016 major jet accident rate (measured in hull losses per 1 million flights) was <br/>0.39, which was the equivalent of one major accident for every 2.56 million flights. <br/>▪ This was not as good as the rate of 0.32 achieved in 2015 and was also above the <br/>five-year rate (2011-2015) of 0.36. <br/>▪ <br/>There were 10 fatal accidents with 268 fatalities. <br/>▪ This compares with an average of 13.4 fatal accidents and 371 fatalities per year in <br/>the previous five-year period (2011-2015). <br/>▪ <br/>Last year some 3.8 billion travelers flew safely on 40.4 million flights. <br/>▪ <br/>Flying is still the safest form of long distance travel <br/> <br/>lOMoAR cPSD| 4349629 <br/>▪ Safety remains the top priority of all involved in aviation with the goal being for <br/>every flight to depart and arrive without incident <br/><b>LEARNING POINTS: </b><br/>▪ <br/>What are the Latin origins of the word aviation? <br/>o Avis: which means bird <br/>▪ <br/>What is the story of Daedalus and Icarus? <br/>o Tried to escape from an island using wings made of feathers and wax <br/>▪ <br/>In Greek Mythology there was a mythical flying horse. What was its name? <br/>o Pegasus <br/>▪ Lawrence Hargrave, an Australian, is credited as being one of the aviation pioneers. <br/>What were his achievements in what calendar timeframe? <br/>o He built the world's first radial aircraft engine (1889) <br/>o He invented a box kite design (1893) <br/>o He joined four together and lifted himself 5 metres off the ground (1894) <br/>o He went on to design powered flying machines using box kite designs but was <br/>forced to abandon his efforts (1906) <br/>▪ <br/>What are the four forces that need to be managed if an aircraft is to fly safely? <br/>o Lift, Thrust, Drag, Weight <br/>▪ What month and year did the Wright Brothers conduct the first controlled, powered <br/>and sustained heavier than air flight? <br/>o 17th December, 1903 <br/>▪ One of the events that demonstrated the potential of the aeroplane was the first <br/>crossing of the English Channel by Louise Bleriot, a French adventurer, in his self <br/>designed Bleriot XI monoplane on 25 July 1909. This was the first time that an aircraft <br/>had done what? <br/>o Crossed the English Channel <br/>▪ What was the first large passenger aircraft carrying 16 people and two tonnes of <br/>freight and when was its first flight? <br/>o 11th of February, 1914 <br/>lOMoAR cPSD| 4349629 <br/>▪ Why was the signing of the Convention relating to the Regulation of Aerial <br/>Navigation (‘The Paris Convention, 1919’) on 13 October 1919 important? What was <br/>the pre-occupation of States that led to this happening? <br/>o The Convention was meant to ensure other States could not use another <br/>State’s airspace for hostile, commercial or other purposes without <br/>permission. <br/>o The Convention Preamble spoke about ‘the need to encourage the peaceful <br/>intercourse of nations by means of aerial communications’ and ‘to prevent <br/>controversy’ which reflected the determination of signatories to agree upon <br/>consistent international legal requirements for the conduct of civil aviation. <br/>▪ What was the name of the Australians and in what year that: Flew the first flight <br/>from England to Australia? <br/>o Captain Ross Smith (pilot) and Lieutenant Keith Smith (pilot and navigator) <br/>o 12th November 1919 – 10th December 1919 <br/>▪ <br/>Who flew the first flight that crossed the Pacific Ocean? <br/>o Australians Charles Kingsford Smith and Charles Ulm (with a navigator and <br/>radio operator) <br/>o May 1928 – June 1928 <br/>▪ In what year did Qantas offer services (in conjunction with partner airlines) from <br/>Australia to England? <br/>o December, 1947 <br/>▪ The largest technology leap for aviation was the invention of the jet engine. In <br/>modern times, who was the inventor of the jet engine and in what year did he have a <br/>working model? <br/>o Sir Frank Whittle, who had a working model in April 1937 <br/>▪ Although the technology was tested as early as 1931, the first commercial aircraft in <br/>wide use to have cabin pressurization was what aircraft type and in what year did it <br/>enter service? <br/>o Lockheed Constellation which entered commercial service in 1945. <br/>▪ What aircraft type is considered to be the beginning of the ‘jet age’ and in what year <br/>did it commence commercial services? <br/>lOMoAR cPSD| 4349629 <br/>o Boeing 707, 1958 <br/>▪ What was the first wide – body aircraft built and in what year did it commence <br/>commercial service? <br/>o Boeing 747, 1970 <br/>▪ The Concorde was in service from 1976 to 2003. Why was this aircraft important in <br/>regard to air travel? <br/>o the first jet- powered supersonic passenger jet airliner <br/>▪ Year on year there continues to be global growth of airline passengers with the 2016 <br/>passenger numbers expected to double over what period? <br/>o 15 - 20 years <br/>▪ <br/>How many airline passengers were carried worldwide in 2016? <br/>o 3.8 Billion <br/>▪ Air transport is the safest form of transportation in the world with the 2016 global <br/>accident rate being what figure? What does this mean? <br/>o 0.39 - the equivalent of one major accident for every 2.56 million flights <br/><b>Lecture 2: </b><br/>▪ The aims and objectives of ICAO are to develop the principles and techniques of <br/>international air navigation and to foster the planning and development of <br/>international air transport so as to: <br/>o Insure the safe and orderly growth of international civil aviation throughout <br/>the world <br/>o Encourage the arts of aircraft design and operation for peaceful purposes <br/>o Encourage the development of airways, airports, and air navigation facilities <br/>for international civil aviation <br/>o Meet the needs of the peoples of the world for safe, regular, efficient and <br/>economical air transport <br/>o Prevent economic waste caused by unreasonable competition <br/>o Insure that the rights of contracting States are fully respected and that every <br/>contracting State has a fair opportunity to operate international airlines <br/>o Avoid discrimination between contracting States <br/>o Promote safety of flight in international air navigation <br/>lOMoAR cPSD| 4349629 <br/>o Promote generally the development of all aspects of international civil <br/>aeronautics. <br/><b>LEARNING POINTS: </b><br/>▪ What are the Australian government organisations that provide the national aviation <br/>structure? <br/>o The Civil Aviation Act, 1988 - establishes the national aviation safety <br/>regulatory authority under s.11 states <br/>o CASA [Civil Aviation Safety Authority] shall perform its functions in a manner <br/>consistent with the obligations of Australia under the Chicago Convention <br/>and any other agreement between Australia and any other country or <br/>countries relating to the safety of air navigation. <br/>o The Australian Maritime Safety Authority Act, 1990 under s.6(5) states: ‘The <br/>provision of a search and rescue service must be in a manner that is <br/>consistent with Australia’s obligations under: <br/>▪ a) The Chicago Convention <br/>▪ b) The Safety Convention <br/>▪ c0) The International Convention on Maritime Search and Rescue <br/>1979 done at Hamburg on 27 April 1979.’ <br/>o The Australian Maritime Safety Authority Act, 1990 also states under s.7: ‘The <br/>Authority must perform its functions in a manner consistent with the <br/>obligations of Australia under any agreement between Australia and another <br/>country.’ <br/>▪ <br/>Where is the Head quarters of ICAO located? <br/>o Montreal, Canada <br/>▪ <br/>The Convention on International Civil Aviation is commonly referred to as what? <br/>o The Chicago Convention <br/>▪ <br/>What was the pre-occupation of States when they drawing up the Convention? <br/>o The Conference had two general objectives being <b>technical </b>(agreed <br/>international standards including licensing, airworthiness, technical <br/>standards, navigation aids, etc) and <b>economic </b>(maximising utility and <br/>growth). <br/>▪ <br/>Where and on what date was the Convention signed and by how many States? <br/> <br/>
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