AIRLAW SUMMARY NOTES

This meteorology summary notes covers all key areas for those preparing for EASA ATPL EXAMS. I used this summary when I was studying for my EASA ATPL exams. To accomplish his I studied the Oxford Manual and did the Aviation Exam database. The information is brief and easy to read. I believe it contains information that is helpful that you will need to pass your exam. I hope you like it and can use it to study for OP!

Preview document (8 of 49 pages)

lOMoAR cPSD| 4349629 International Aviation SUMMARY Notes AIRLAW lOMoAR cPSD| 4349629 International Aviation Lecture 1: ▪ Aviation pioneers came to understand that there were four forces that needed to be managed if an aircraft was to fly safely ▪ The first controlled, powered and sustained heavier than air flight was conducted by the Wright Brothers at Kittyhawk, North Carolina, USA on 17 December 1903 o The Wright Brothers understood that lift and thrust had to be in balance and that there was a need for the design to incorporate control surfaces for it to get airborne and then to sustain flight o They perfected the three axis control system using gliders and then applied this to powered flight. The three axis to be controlled were roll, pitch and yaw ▪ While aviation had proven its potential, the post-World War I Governments held major concerns about this new form of transport compromising national sovereignty. o They met in Paris in April 1919 to provide internationally agreed regulatory safeguards ▪ This resulted in the Convention relating to the Regulation of Aerial Navigation (‘The Paris Convention, 1919’) being signed on 13 October 1919. o The Convention, addressing the concerns of States, included the provision that ‘each State had complete and exclusive sovereignty over the airspace above its territory.' o This was meant to ensure other States could not use another State’s airspace for hostile, commercial or other purposes without permission lOMoAR cPSD| 4349629 o The Convention Preamble spoke about ‘the need to encourage the peaceful intercourse of nations by means of aerial communications’ and ‘to prevent controversy’ which reflected the determination of signatories to agree upon consistent international legal requirements for the conduct of civil aviation. ▪ The provisions included: o The authority of the aircraft Captain to act in accordance with the law of the state of registration o Standards of airworthiness o Certificates of competency for crew members o Rules for international over-flight, departure and landing o Prohibition of the carriage of dangerous goods o Established the International Commission for Air Navigation (ICAN) ▪ On 13 April 1935 Qantas started flying passengers from Brisbane to Singapore in a De Havilland 86 to connect with London-bound Imperial Airways flights o A single fare was £195 which was one and a half years of average earnings. o Flights were weekly and the journey time was 121⁄2 days o Sydney to London flights (using BOAC or Indian Airlines for onward travel from Asia) with Qantas not flying all the way, until December 1947 using Lockheed Constellations. ▪ The largest technology leap was the invention of the jet engine. o In modern times, the inventor of the jet engine was Sir Frank Whittle, an Englishman, who had a working model in April 1937. ▪ Although the technology was tested as early as 1931, the first commercial aircraft in wide use to have cabin pressurization was the Lockheed Constellation which entered commercial service in 1945. ▪ The Boeing 747, or ‘Jumbo Jet’ was the first wide-body aircraft built with its first commercial flight occurring in 1970 o It had two and a half times the capacity of the B707 and more than double the range. o It held the passenger capacity record for 37 years. o 400 aircraft were planned to be constructed but with newer variants more than 1,500 have been built. lOMoAR cPSD| 4349629 o It is now close to the end of production as airlines look to more fuel efficient two engine wide bodied aircraft. ▪ The Concorde, the first jet- powered supersonic passenger jet airliner. o It had a maximum speed over twice the speed of sound at Mach 2.04 (1,354 mph or 2,180 km/h at cruise altitude), with seating for 92 to 128 passengers. o First flown in 1969, it entered service in 1976 and continued flying until 2003 when it was withdrawn as a result of a fatal accident in 2000. ▪ A record 3.8 billion passengers flew on aircraft in 2016 – some 250 million more than in 2015. ▪ The growth in 2016 was 6.3% - higher than the 10 year rolling average of 5.5%. ▪ This means that in 2017 passengers numbering more than half of the world’s population of 7.5 billion people will fly on aircraft. ▪ The growth is driven by: o rising GDP, more disposable income, and higher living standards, o reduced cost of air travel, o improved airline services and globalization, and o deregulation and liberalization. ▪ The International Air Transport Association (IATA) tells us in its 2017 Annual Review that in 2016 the airline industry safely transported some 3.8 billion passengers and some 54.9 million tonnes of cargo. ▪ This was accomplished with a workforce of nearly 10 million people managing a fleet of more than 26,000 aircraft averaging more than 100,000 flights a day over a global network of 51,000 routes. ▪ The 2016 major jet accident rate (measured in hull losses per 1 million flights) was 0.39, which was the equivalent of one major accident for every 2.56 million flights. ▪ This was not as good as the rate of 0.32 achieved in 2015 and was also above the five-year rate (2011-2015) of 0.36. ▪ There were 10 fatal accidents with 268 fatalities. ▪ This compares with an average of 13.4 fatal accidents and 371 fatalities per year in the previous five-year period (2011-2015). ▪ Last year some 3.8 billion travelers flew safely on 40.4 million flights. ▪ Flying is still the safest form of long distance travel lOMoAR cPSD| 4349629 ▪ Safety remains the top priority of all involved in aviation with the goal being for every flight to depart and arrive without incident LEARNING POINTS: ▪ What are the Latin origins of the word aviation? o Avis: which means bird ▪ What is the story of Daedalus and Icarus? o Tried to escape from an island using wings made of feathers and wax ▪ In Greek Mythology there was a mythical flying horse. What was its name? o Pegasus ▪ Lawrence Hargrave, an Australian, is credited as being one of the aviation pioneers. What were his achievements in what calendar timeframe? o He built the world's first radial aircraft engine (1889) o He invented a box kite design (1893) o He joined four together and lifted himself 5 metres off the ground (1894) o He went on to design powered flying machines using box kite designs but was forced to abandon his efforts (1906) ▪ What are the four forces that need to be managed if an aircraft is to fly safely? o Lift, Thrust, Drag, Weight ▪ What month and year did the Wright Brothers conduct the first controlled, powered and sustained heavier than air flight? o 17th December, 1903 ▪ One of the events that demonstrated the potential of the aeroplane was the first crossing of the English Channel by Louise Bleriot, a French adventurer, in his self designed Bleriot XI monoplane on 25 July 1909. This was the first time that an aircraft had done what? o Crossed the English Channel ▪ What was the first large passenger aircraft carrying 16 people and two tonnes of freight and when was its first flight? o 11th of February, 1914 lOMoAR cPSD| 4349629 ▪ Why was the signing of the Convention relating to the Regulation of Aerial Navigation (‘The Paris Convention, 1919’) on 13 October 1919 important? What was the pre-occupation of States that led to this happening? o The Convention was meant to ensure other States could not use another State’s airspace for hostile, commercial or other purposes without permission. o The Convention Preamble spoke about ‘the need to encourage the peaceful intercourse of nations by means of aerial communications’ and ‘to prevent controversy’ which reflected the determination of signatories to agree upon consistent international legal requirements for the conduct of civil aviation. ▪ What was the name of the Australians and in what year that: Flew the first flight from England to Australia? o Captain Ross Smith (pilot) and Lieutenant Keith Smith (pilot and navigator) o 12th November 1919 – 10th December 1919 ▪ Who flew the first flight that crossed the Pacific Ocean? o Australians Charles Kingsford Smith and Charles Ulm (with a navigator and radio operator) o May 1928 – June 1928 ▪ In what year did Qantas offer services (in conjunction with partner airlines) from Australia to England? o December, 1947 ▪ The largest technology leap for aviation was the invention of the jet engine. In modern times, who was the inventor of the jet engine and in what year did he have a working model? o Sir Frank Whittle, who had a working model in April 1937 ▪ Although the technology was tested as early as 1931, the first commercial aircraft in wide use to have cabin pressurization was what aircraft type and in what year did it enter service? o Lockheed Constellation which entered commercial service in 1945. ▪ What aircraft type is considered to be the beginning of the ‘jet age’ and in what year did it commence commercial services? lOMoAR cPSD| 4349629 o Boeing 707, 1958 ▪ What was the first wide – body aircraft built and in what year did it commence commercial service? o Boeing 747, 1970 ▪ The Concorde was in service from 1976 to 2003. Why was this aircraft important in regard to air travel? o the first jet- powered supersonic passenger jet airliner ▪ Year on year there continues to be global growth of airline passengers with the 2016 passenger numbers expected to double over what period? o 15 - 20 years ▪ How many airline passengers were carried worldwide in 2016? o 3.8 Billion ▪ Air transport is the safest form of transportation in the world with the 2016 global accident rate being what figure? What does this mean? o 0.39 - the equivalent of one major accident for every 2.56 million flights Lecture 2: ▪ The aims and objectives of ICAO are to develop the principles and techniques of international air navigation and to foster the planning and development of international air transport so as to: o Insure the safe and orderly growth of international civil aviation throughout the world o Encourage the arts of aircraft design and operation for peaceful purposes o Encourage the development of airways, airports, and air navigation facilities for international civil aviation o Meet the needs of the peoples of the world for safe, regular, efficient and economical air transport o Prevent economic waste caused by unreasonable competition o Insure that the rights of contracting States are fully respected and that every contracting State has a fair opportunity to operate international airlines o Avoid discrimination between contracting States o Promote safety of flight in international air navigation lOMoAR cPSD| 4349629 o Promote generally the development of all aspects of international civil aeronautics. LEARNING POINTS: ▪ What are the Australian government organisations that provide the national aviation structure? o The Civil Aviation Act, 1988 - establishes the national aviation safety regulatory authority under s.11 states o CASA [Civil Aviation Safety Authority] shall perform its functions in a manner consistent with the obligations of Australia under the Chicago Convention and any other agreement between Australia and any other country or countries relating to the safety of air navigation. o The Australian Maritime Safety Authority Act, 1990 under s.6(5) states: ‘The provision of a search and rescue service must be in a manner that is consistent with Australia’s obligations under: ▪ a) The Chicago Convention ▪ b) The Safety Convention ▪ c0) The International Convention on Maritime Search and Rescue 1979 done at Hamburg on 27 April 1979.’ o The Australian Maritime Safety Authority Act, 1990 also states under s.7: ‘The Authority must perform its functions in a manner consistent with the obligations of Australia under any agreement between Australia and another country.’ ▪ Where is the Head quarters of ICAO located? o Montreal, Canada ▪ The Convention on International Civil Aviation is commonly referred to as what? o The Chicago Convention ▪ What was the pre-occupation of States when they drawing up the Convention? o The Conference had two general objectives being technical (agreed international standards including licensing, airworthiness, technical standards, navigation aids, etc) and economic (maximising utility and growth). ▪ Where and on what date was the Convention signed and by how many States?