ATI MED SURG MID-TERM EXAM Study Guide 2021

ATI MED SURG MID-TERM EXAM Study Guide 2021
Fluids and electrolyte imbalance
-Signs and symptoms of hypovolemia and dehydration vs. hypervolemia
● Hypovolemia = circulating blood volume is decreased leading to inadequate tissue perfusion
o Signs/symptoms of hypovolemia: Dry mucous membranes, poor skin turgor, excessive thirst, initial increase in HR to compensate then a decrease, oliguria, anuria, tachycardia, decrease in BP, lethargy, rapid breathing, confusion, prolonged capillary refill, cold and clammy extremities
● Dehydration = fluid loss / Isotonic dehydration = water and electrolyte loss
o Fluid is lost only from the ECF, including both the plasma and interstitial spaces
o Signs/symptoms of dehydration: Increase in HR, weak peripheral pulses, decrease in BP, increased respiratory rate, dry and scaly skin, poor skin turgor, dry mucous membranes, confusion,
low-grade fever, concentrated urine
● Hypervolemia = excessive fluid it the ECF (extracellular fluid space)
o Bounding pulse, difficulty breathing, neck vein distension in the upright position, dependent edema, elevated BP, weight gain, increased respiratory rate, shallow respirations, dyspnea, crackles in lungs, skin is cool and pale, headache, skeletal muscle weakness