Visual IAcuityI(Pg.I231)
ToItestIvisual Iacuity,IyouIareItoIuseIaIwell-litISnellenIeyeIchart, IifIpossible
IPatientImustIwearIcorrectionIlensesI(glasses/contacts)IifIavailable
IPatientIisItoIbeIpositionedI20IfeetIawayIfromISnellenIeyeIchart
PatientImustIcoverIoneIeyeIatIaItimeIandItestIeachIeyeIindividuallyIandIthenItestIvision
IwithIbothIeyesIuncovered
PatientImustIidentifyItheIsmallestIlineIofIprintIpossibleIwhereItheyIcanIidentifyImore
17
thanIhalfItheIletters
--Visual IAcuityIisIexpressedIasItwoInumbersI(20/30):ItheIfirstIindicatesItheIdistanceIofIthe
IpatientIfromItheIchart, IandItheIsecondInumberIisItheIdistanceIatIwhichIaInormal Ieye
IcanIreadItheIlineIofIletters
TestingInearIvisionIwithIaIhand-heldIcardIatItheIbedsideIcanIhelpIidentifyItheIneedIfor
IcorrectionIlensesIforIreadingI(cardItoIbeIheldI14IinchesIfromIpatients’ Ieyes)
Glaucoma
IEpistaxis
Retinal IIssues
Retinal Iartery Ihypertension, Iincreased Ipressure IdamagesIthe IvascularIendothelium,
Ileading Ito Ideposition IofIplasma ImacromoleculesIand Ithickening IofIthe Iarterial Iwall,
IcausingIfocal IandIgeneralizedInarrowingIofItheIlumenIandIlightIreflex.
CopperIwiring:IsometimesItheIarteries, IespeciallyIthoseIcloseItheIdisc, IbecomeIfull
IandIsomewhatItortuousIandIdevelopIanIincreasedIlightIreflexIwithIaIbrightIcoppery
Iluster, IcalledIcopperIwiring.
SilverIwiring:IoccasionallyItheIwall IofIaInarrowedIarteryIbecomesIopaqueIsoIthereIis
InoIvisibleIbloodIcalledIsilverIwiring.
AVICrossingIisIwhenItheIarterial IwallsIloseItheirItransparency, IchangesIappearIinIthe
IarteriovenousIcrossing.IDecreasedItransparencyIofItheIretinaIprobablyIalso
IcontributesItoIConcealmentIorIAVINickingIandITapering.
ConcealmentIorIAVINicking:ItheIveinIappearsItoIstopIabruptlyIonIeitherIsideIofIthe
Iartery.
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