Homework Questions: Jim Crow

https://www.britannica.com/event/Great-Migration
The Great Migration, in U.S. history, was the widespread migration of African Americans in the 20th century from rural communities in the South to large cities in the North and West. At the turn of the 20th century, the vast majority of black Americans lived in the Southern states. From 1916 to 1970, during this Great Migration, it is estimated that some six million black Southerners relocated to urban areas in the North and West.
1. Take a guess at what “at the turn of” means in this sentence.
2. In this paragraph, what is the opposite of “rural”?
3. Do you think 6 million is an exact number? What do you think “some” means here?

The massive stream of European emigration to the United States, which had begun in the late 19th century and waned during World War I, slowed to a trickle with immigration reform in the 1920s. As a result, urban industries were faced with labor shortages. A huge internal population shift among African Americans addressed these shortfalls, particularly during the World Wars, when defense industries required more unskilled labor. Although the Great Migration slowed during the Great Depression, it surged again after World War II, when rates of migration were high for several decades.
The prefix “e” or “ex-“ means “out.” Think of exit, extend, emit. Therefore, “emigration” is a migration out from a country. “In” or “im” is the opposite – immigration is migration that comes in to a country.
4. The paragraph mentions an “internal population shift.” What does this contrast with in this same paragraph?
5. Choose the best definition of “address.”
address
 verb
 (Entry 1 of 2)
transitive verb
1 a: to mark directions for delivery on address a letter
b: to consign to the care of another (such as an agent or factor)
2 a: to direct the efforts or attention of (oneself)will address himself to the problem
b: to deal with : TREAT… intrigued by the chance to address important issues …— I. L. Horowitz
3 a: to communicate directly addresses his thanks to his host
b: to speak or write directly to especially : to deliver a formal speech to The president will address the nation by television.
4: to greet by a prescribed form how to address an archbishop
5 golf : to adjust the club and one's stance preparatory to hitting (the ball)
6: to identify (something, such as a computer peripheral or memory location) by an address or a name for information transfer
7 archaic
a: DIRECT, AIM
b: to direct to go : SEND
8 archaic : to make ready especially : DRESS
intransitive verb
obsolete : to direct one's speech or attentions
address:  noun
Definition of address (Entry 2 of 2)
1 a: a place where a person or organization may be communicated with asked for her name, address, and phone number
b: directions for delivery on the outside of an object (such as a letter or package) an envelope with an illegible address
c: the designation of place of delivery placed between the heading and salutation on a business letter
d: the designation of an account from which one can send or receive email an email address
2 a: a location (as in the memory of a computer) where particular information is stored
b: a series of usually alphanumeric characters that specifies the storage location (as on a network or in a computer's memory) of particular information an Internet address A unique number called an IP address identifies every computer that's connected to the Internet. An IP address looks something like this: 24.62.89.4. Each of the four parts of an IP address can have from one to three digits.— Kim Komando
3: a formal communication especially : a prepared speech delivered to a special audience or on a special occasion Lincoln's Gettysburg Address
6. What do you think “shortfall” means? What part of speech is it?
7. In the last sentence, “although” marks a contrast. In that sentence, what is the opposite of “slowed”?

The “push” factors for the exodus were poor economic conditions in the South—exacerbated by the limitations of sharecropping, farm failures, and crop damage from the boll weevil—as well as ongoing racial oppression in the form of Jim Crow laws. “Pull” factors included encouraging reports of good wages and living conditions that spread by word of mouth and that appeared in African American newspapers. With advertisements for housing and employment and firsthand stories of newfound success in the North, the Chicago Defender, for example, became one of the leading promoters of the Great Migration. In addition to Chicago, other cities that absorbed large numbers of migrants include Detroit, Michigan; Cleveland, Ohio; and New York City.
8. Remembering the prefix “ex,” what do you think an “exodus“ is?
9. What do you think the idiom “by word of mouth” means?
10. What is the “Chicago Defender” an example of?
11. From the context and the word itself, what do you think “firsthand” means?
12. Look at the word “newfound”. Switch the 2 words inside it. What do you think it means?


After you have read the article,
Make a list of “push” factors. In other words, why did African Americans want to leave the South during these early years of the Great Migration (1915-1920)?

Find at least 3.



Make a list of the “push” factors. What encouraged African Americans to move North at that time?

Name 3.